Internal combustion engine



Feb. 16, 1932.

H. T. HERR 1,845,601

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE (GASOLINE INJECTION) Filed July 27, 1929 I lll w W A Fur-1.4. WITNESS INVENTOR F'G 3 A H I HERR.

l a l Q5 l M ATTORNEY Patented Feb. 16, 1932 HERBERT T. HERR., OF PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA, ASSIGNOR 'IO WESTINGHOUSE ELEGTRIC'& MANUFACTURING COMPANY, A CORPORATION 0F PENNSYLVKNIA.

COMBUSTIONENGINE (GASOLINE INJECTION) Application' led July 27, 1929. 'Serial No. 381,459.

Myv invention relates to internal combustion engines of the two-cycle type and it has for an object to provide apparatus of the character designated which shall be capable ofV operating reliably, effectively and efficiently. y

It hasffor a further Iobject to provide an engine adapted to utilize'V some of the more volatile fuels, such as gasoline or gasoline mixture, and which shall be capable of developing more power with a given piston displacement than engines of this character heretofore employed.

It has fora still further object to provide an engine of the foregoing character wherein the liquid fuel is directly injected into the engine cylinder and wherein volatilization of'the fueloccurs withi the engine cylinder.

It has for a further object to provide foran engine of the foregoing character an im- .v proved form of scavenging system which shall be effective to .thoroughly cleanse the cylinder of the burned gases and at the same fuel and wherein time avoid any loss of fuel through the cylinder exhaust port, vIt has for still another object to provide an improved cycle of operation for an engine of the foregoingv character,

which cycle of operation shall be capable of effectively scavenging and well yas effecting'volatilization of the fuel within the cylinder.

It has for still another object to provide -an improved cycle of operation Ifor engines of the foregoing character wherein the scavcnging fluid shall consist of air unmixed with and solidly injected intothe engine cylinder.

It has 'for still another object to provide an im proved cycle of operation Vwherein the opening and 'closing of the scavenging Huid inlet and exhaust ports. as well as the time of fuel injection, may be so coordinated as to effect thorc-ugh scavenging and supercharging of the'engine cylinder and complete volatilization of the fuel within the engine cylinder.

It has for a still further object to provide an improved cycle of operation for an engine cf the foregoing character wherein the period of injection of fuel into the engine cylinder is supercharging the cylinder as4 the fuel shall be separately4 made as long as possible in order to insure, within the cylinder, a thorough commingling pf he fuel and -air and volatilization of the ue It has for still another object to provide a novel arrangementvfor injecting-and atomizing the fuel Within the cylinder, which arrangement shall be especially applicable to engines of the opposed piston type, and which arrangement shall be capable of creating a high degree of turbulence within the engine cylinder during the compression and volatilization of the fuel-air mixture therein.

These and other objects are effected by my invention, as will be apparent from the following description and claims taken in. consection and partly in elevation, and illustrat-v nectv-ion with the accompanying drawings,

ing an engine of the opposed piston type arranged in accordance with my invention;

Fig. 2 is a transverse sectional view, taken on the line Il-II of Fig. l;

Fig. 3 is a detail view. in section, of the fuel pump employed in Fig. 1; and, A

Fig. 4 is a view, in sectional elevation, of a conventional form of two-cycle engine ar-y ranged in accordance with my invention.

It is well known that internal combustion engines of the two-cycle type are capable of producing almost twice the amount of power .for a given piston displacement as engines of the four-cycle type. lHowever. in the field of engines operating upon the Otto cycle. the two-cycle type has heretofore not been employed to the general extent of the four-cycle type for the principal reason that the twocycle type is relatively inefficient. This lowered efficiency is caused largely by the fact that engines of this character and of the twocycle type require scavenging which has heretofore been effected by acarburted mixture of fuel and air.

Theoretically, the carbureted mixture is intended to sweep out the cylinder of the burned gases and to discharge the same through the exhaust port. the exhaust port being timed to close at the instant when the exhaust gases have been entirely removed and when the carbureted mixture entirely fills the cylinder. However, in actual practice, it has been found that such accurate timing of the closing ofthe exhaust port is not possible and that some of the carbureted mixture is apt to escape through the exhaust port.- This escape of unburned fuel consequently lessens the efficiency of the engine and at the same time produces a tendency toward objectionable yback-firing in the engine exhaust.

lihave, therefore, conceived of a formof 'engine of the two-cycle type wherein the cylinder is both thoroughly scavenged aswell as supercharged with pure air, and not carbureted mixture, and wherein the liquid fuel, for example, gasoline or gasoline mixture, is pumped or solidly injected, through a suitable atomizer, into the compressed or supercharged air in theV cylinder. Preferably, in

order to obtain the supercharging'efect revery substantial.

yferred to, opening and closing movements ofthe exhaust port are arranged in advance of the opening and closingmovements of the air inlet port so that the air discharged by the blower sweeps through and out "of the" cylinder until such time as the exhaust port closes. Thereafter, air continues to enter the cylinder and supercharge the same until such time as the inlet port'closes.

injection of fuel takes place during the ,compression stroke and preferably com# mences slightly before the time of closing of the-exhaust port and continues after the successive closings of both the exhaust and the inlet ports. i However, the ,fuel is so directed into the engine cylinder that the exhaust port is sure to be closed before thel fuel reachesl the ,vicinity thereof and hence no fuel y escapes into the exhaust pipe. ln addition,

the fuel is preferably injected into the cylinder in a 'direction counter tothe incoming air so that no fuel escapes through the inlet port. By means of this counter flow or' fuel and air, not only is a thorough commingling of the fuel and a'ir eifected,'b ut a very high degree ofturbulence is obtained.

Preferably, injection of fuel-into the enginel cylinder obtains for a substantial por! fuel is pumped directly into the engine cylinder and volatilized within the cylinder.

After each working stroke of the piston, the

engine cylinder is thoroughly cleansed of the burnedor exhaust gases, pure air being utilized as a scavenging fluid, and the timing of the fuel injection is so arranged that no portion of the subsequent charge of unburned fuel can escape through the cylinder ports.

Back-firing in the engine exhaustv isthere-l fore completely eliminated.

Referring now to the drawings for a more detailed description of my invention, I show in Fig. 1, an engine embodying a cylinder 10 provided with opposed pistons 11 and. 12. T he pistons 11 and 12 are connected, through respective connecting rods, 13 and 14, to

vcrank shafts 15 and 16. Each crank shaft is provided with a driving gear 17', the driving gears 17 meshing with a common driven'gear' 18 to which the driven element, not shown), may be. connected. Located in one end por- `tion of the cylinder is a plurality of 'circumferentially-spaced inlet ports 21, while lo'l cated in the vother end portion ofthe cylinder' is a plurality of c ircumferentiallyspaced exhaust ports 22. The arrangement is suchthat the piston 12 controls the opening and closing of the inlet ports 21 while the piston 1l controls the opening and closing of the exhaust ports 22. l

Preferably, as indicated on the drawings,

the exhaust port controlling piston 11 leads,

angularly, the inlet port controlling piston 12, whereby7 during the outward stroke of the pistons, thev exhaust ports 22 are opened being fluid to sweep through the cylinder and forethe inletI ports, permitting the scaveng-A to discharge the exhaust gases there-from. y

'Upon the return stroke, the piston 1 1 closes the exhaust ports.22 before the' piston 12 closes the inlet. ports 2l, so that air is admltted to the cylinder after the exhaust ports A,are closed, and., in this way,- the cylinder is supercharged with air.

The inlet ports 21 are provided with an intake manifold 23 to'which air is supplied through a conduit 24 by a reservoir 25. Preferably, a valve 30 is provided in the conduit 24 for'regulating the flow of air to the cylinder.

The reservoir 25 maybe supplied withair by any suitable form of .blower apparatus which may, o r may not, be driven by the engine. As shown, the reservoir 25 is supplied with air through a conduit l26l by a blower 27, thelatter being operatively connected through gears 28 and 29 to the crankv I,

shaft 16. The exhaust ports.22 may be provided with'an exhaust 'manifold 31 to which an exhaust pipe32 is connected.

For supplying fuel to the engine cylinder, a. pump 33 is preferably employed. -As shown, the pump 33 may-be supplied with fuel from any suitable source, suc'li'as a re'servoir 34, through v-a conduit 35., 'The pump 33 periodically discharges 'the fuel at the pres- Asure yrequired vfor proper injection through naeaaoi a conduit 36 and branch conduits37 and 38 to pressure-responsive check valves 41 and 42. The valves 41 and 4:?. arelarranged to be opened in response to the periodic discharge pressure developed by the pump 33l and to admit'the fuel to respective end portions of a fuel'conduit 43 which extends transversely across the Vbore ofthe cylinder 10. j y

Provided at an intermediate Aportion'of the fuel conduit 43 is an injection nozzle or orifice 44. Preferably, as shown, the nozzle 44 is arranged to discharge the fuel in a direction toward the scavenging piston and the inlet ports andA away from the exhaust piston and exhaust ports. The nozzle 44 is provided with a suitable opening or openings for 1n' jecting the fuel into the cylinder in ahighly atomized state, all as'is well understoodin the art. Preferably, the nozzle 44 is provided with asin gle opening of restricted iowarea as I prefer to make the period of fuel injection as long as possible and hence theV rate of injection must be made relatively slow.

It will be apparent that by having the injection nozzle located centrally within the cylinder, as shown, the fuel spray may be .so directed as to avoid any tendency for' the fuel to remove the lubricant from'the cylinder walls. In addition, the fuel conduit 43 is -subjected to the-heat obtaining in the engine cylinder and hence the temperature of the fuel passing tothe injection nozzle is in# creased and volatilization of the same is more readily eiiected. It will be obvious that the fuel conduit 43 and spray nozzle 44 are so formed that the pistons may approach .their inner dead center positions without any interference, the space intervening between the pistons when they are in their inner dead center positions being more than ampley for accommodating the fuel conduit land spray nozzle.

The fuel pump 33 may be driven in 'any .suitable manner in proper phase relation with the enginesv As shown, it is operatively connected to the crank shaft l5 vthrough gears and 46, and, as the engine is of thetwocycle type, the pump. 33 is driven at the same speed as the crank shaft 415 in order to effect a periodic discharge of fuel for each revolution of the crank shaft. Asfshown in Fig. 2, ignition of the combustible mixture within the cylinder maybe effected by means of an.

electric spark plug 47` timed to 'act in prede'- termined phase relation with the engine in a manner well understood in theart.

Referring now to Fig. 3 for a form of fuel pump which I may employ, it will be noted that the pump 33 comprises a body portion 54 and a cylinder portion 55 mounted thereon. Disposed within the cylinder portion 55 is a-'plunger 56 which is operatively connected through across head 57 to an eccentric strap .58. The latter cooperates with an eccentric 59-provided on. a pump drive shaft 61 A i for effecting a reciprocatory movement of the pump plunger 56, the pump drive shaft 61 'l being `connected to the drive gear 46 in order that the pump may be-driven from the crank y shaft 15. A

The pump cylinder 55 is provided with longitudinally-spaced inlet and discharge ports 57 and 58, the inlet port 57 communieating with the conduit 35 and the discharge port 58 with the conduit 36. Preferably,

the pump plunger 56 is provided with a.`

slide valve 59 arranged to cooperate with the fuel inlet port 57 so as to controljthe startingl and stopping of each fuel injection period. Y

During the downward or non-working stroke ofthe plunger 56, fuel is supplied from the reservoir 34 and conduit 35 to the inlet j Upon the upward or Working whereupon the 4fuel lin the upper end of the l cylinder is once more permitted to escape through the inlet port 57 a suitable, .longitudinally-extending passageway 63 beingI provided in the valve r`59 for permitting communication between its upper and lower cutoff edges. h

Preferably, the lower cut-of edge 64 of the Avalve is inclined with respect to the leading cut-off edge 65 so that angular adjustments of' the plunger 56 are effective to cause alonger or shorter portion of the valve face 59 to cooperate with the 'inlet 57. Accordingly, longer or shorter periods of fuel injection may be obtained -by"an, 1;ular adjustment of the pump p lung'er. In order to effect such angular adjustments, the cross head 57 of thepump plunger ils-provided with longi- 4- 'l tudinally-extendmg teeth 66,' 'which teeth meshvwith a fuel rack 67. The latter in turn meshes with a pinion-68 t`o which is operatively secured-to control lever 69 and aquadra-nt 71, whereby angular'adjustmentsof ,the control lever 69 effect corresponding angular adjustments of the lpump plunger 56 and consequently lengthen or shorten the perlod of fuel injection. For a more'detail description of the foregoingfuel pump, ref- I erence may be had to my copending application, Serial No. 292,197, entitled Fuelin- Ijection system "and assigned to the WestinghouseElectric & Manufacturing Company,

From the foregoing description,'the opera; tion of my'. improved form of engine willbe appartnt. The reservoir 34 is filled with a fuels may be employed, I prefer to use a fuel of the more volatile type, such as, for exf ample, gasoline. In the present example, the gasoline is mixed with about 10% of lubrieating oil in order to insure thorough lubrication of the fuel pump 33 as well as the pistons of the engine cylinder.

Assuming the engine to be in operation, the pistons 11 and 12 move outwardly upon their working stroke, at the end portion of which the piston 11 opens the exhaust ports 22 and the gases are liberated through the -exhaust pipe 32. Thereafter, the-piston 12 opens the inlet ports y21 and scavenge air under pressure entersthe cylinder. The scavenge air entering the. cylinder, sweeps the burnt gases remaining in the cylinderoutwardly through fectively supercharges the same. Preferablyql the exhaust ports, the scavenging process continuing until such time as the pistons effect ltheir return or non-Working strokes that is, move toward each other, whereupon the piston 11 effects closure of the Iexhaust ports.

The piston '11 first closes the exhaust ports 22, but, as statedheretofore,ethe exhaust port controlling piston l1 leads the inlet port controlling piston 12 and hence the inlet ports 21 remain open for some time after theexhaust ports 22are closed. During this time, air under pressure enters the cylinder and efthe piston 11 is arranged to close the exhaust ports 22 when its crank angle is located about 135 before inner de ad center and the fuel pump -33 is, so timed that it commences to discharge fuel through the injection nozzle 44 at approximately this point in the engine cyclet: Preferably, the injection of fuel into the cylinder commences before the exhaust ports are entirelyy closed or slightly before the exhaust port controlling piston 11 has reached 'a position 135 before inner dea-d cen- Referring now to the pump shown in Fig. 3,'it will be apparent that the pump 33 commences to discharge fuel as vsoon as the leadingfcut-of edge 65 of the valve 59 laps the in- 1 let port 57 4and that the discharge period con-I tinues until such time as the trailing 'cut-off 'edge 64 of the valve 59 uncovers the inlet port 1 57. A Preferably, the pump 33 is so. arranged that injection of fuel into the engine cylindel.;` through -the nozzle 44 continues until suchetime as the piston 11 reaches a position about 159 from its inner Adead center position, whereupon the -injectionvperiod is terminated.- It will therefore be apparent that injection of -fuel into the engine cylinder continues for ya relatively lon periodV of time, thatgis,l for about 120 disp acernent of the crank angle, so that a relatively'long 'period of'time is made available forthorouvh comminglingo'flthefuel and air within t e cyllnder and for volatilization of 'the-fuel.

During the early portion ofthe fuel injec-4 it will-be apparent that the air enters and Hows into the cylinder in a direction counter tothe direction of the fuel spray. Such an arrangement insures a thorough commingling of the 4fuel and airA and at the same time provides a very turbulent condition within the cylinder. As stated heretofore, the fuel injection period preferably starts before the piston 11 has entirely closed the exhaust ports 22, but, the timing is such that, before the yfuel can reverse its direction of flow and reach the vicinity of the exhaust ports, the latter have been closed. Hence, there is no possibility of any unburntfuel escaping through the exhaust port.

During the injection of the fuel into the cylinder, the istons 11 and 12 approach each other upont eir compression or non-working stroke and after the period of fuel injection has been terminated andthe charge of fuel and air compressed to the proper pressure, the spark plug 47 is timed to ignite the charge in a manner well understood in the art. Thereafter, the pistons move outward upon their working strokes and the cycle of operation is completed.

Preferably, the fuel-air mixture is compressed to a pressure having a corresponding temperature less than its self-ignition temperature, the engine operating on the OttoA cycle. Good results may be obtained with compression ratios varying between 41/2 to 1 and 5 to 1, although it is to be understood that these ligures are given merely by way.l of example. Although an engine of the foregoing character may be also operated on the Diesel cycle by properly increasL ing the compression ratio, nevertheless, I\I

prefer to utilize spark ignition rather than compression ignition as I have found that .volatillzed within the engine cylinder. It is further apparent that, with my type of engine, pure air, and not a mixture of fuel and air, is used for scavenging purposes. In addition, the cylinder is effectively super.

charged with air from the same source. It will also be apparent that I haveedevlsed a. cycle ofoperatlon wherein the duratlon of the period of fuel injection continues for as long a time as possible and hence better volatilization of the fuel is obtained andv a more thorough commingling of the air and .fuel assured.

While I have described my invention as y being especially applicable to engines of the Vopposed piston type, nevertheless itv is submitted that my invention is also applicable to engines of the more conventional types and referring now, for example, to Fig. 4, I show an engine provided with a cylinder 8l having disposed therein a piston 82 operatively connected, by a suitable connecting rod 83, to a crank shaft 84, all arranged in a manner well understood in the art. The cylinder 8l is provided with a removable head portion 85 vhaving disposed therein an air inlet 86. The passage of air through the inlet 86 is controlled by a suitable valve 87 opened and closed periodically in timed relation with the crank shaft 84 by means of a cam shaft 88, all in a manner well understood in the art. Also located in the cylinder head 85 isa fuel injection nozzle 89 to which fuel may be supplied from a pump, such as shown in Fig. 3, through a conduit 91. The fuelinjection nozzle 89 is provided with a tip portion 92 for spraying and atomizing the fuel into the engine cylinder. Also disposed within the cylinder is4 an electric spari; plug 93 for igniting the combustible charge.

Like the engine shown in Fig. l, the engine shown in Fig. 4 is intended for twocycle operationand hence is provided, at an intermediate portion of its cylinder 81, with aplurality of circumferentially-spaced exhaust ports 94, arranged to be covered and uncovered by the piston 82. The exhaust ports 94 are provided with an exhaust manifold 95 to which an exhaust pipe 96 is connected.

Assuming an engine such as shown in Fig. 4 to be operating, the piston 82 moves downwardly upon its working stroke. Upon sufficient downward movement, the exhaust ports 94 are opened and the exhaust gases are liberated through the exhaust pipe 96. After the ports 94 have been opened for a period of time, the valve 87 is opened by the cam shaft 88 to admit scavenging air into the cylinder 8l. This scavenging air sweeps through the cylinder and discharges the burnt gases remaining in the cylinder through the exhaust ports 94.

Upon the return stroke of the piston 92, the exhaust ports 94 are first closed after which the valve 87 remains openA to permit additional air to enter the cylinder and to thoroughly supercharge the same, after which the valve 87 is closed. The timing of the fuel pump is suchthat, at approximately the time when the piston 82 closes the exhaust ports 94, injection of fuel commences. During the early portion of the fuel injection period, air is also entering the cylinder for supercharging purposes and hence there is a thorough commingling of fuel and air and a very turbulent condition is obtained within the cylinder. After the air inlet valve 87 closes, injection of fuel continues until the piston 82 approaches within a few degrees of its upper dead center, whereupon the injection of fuel is terminated. The fuel sible. in two-cycle engines of the type shown in'Fig. 4, to obtain the advantages of my improved cycle of operation inasmuch as the fuel may be solidly injected or pumped into the cylinder for a substantial period of time, the cylinder scavenged with air instead of carbureted mixture, the cylinder properly supercharged,with air and volatilization of the fuel effected within the confines of the cylinder. Such a form of engine is capable of developing an extra-ordinary amount of power consistent with its piston displacement. f

While I haveshown my invention in two forms, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that it is not so limited, but is susceptible of various other changes and modifications, without departing from the spirit thereof, and I desire, therefore, that only such limitations shall be placed thereupon as are imposed by the prior art or as are specifically set forth in the appended claims.

1What I claim is:

l. In an internal combustion engine, the combination of a cylinder, longitudinally spaced air inlet and exhaust outlet ports provided in the cylinder, opposed pistons in the cylinder and arranged to control, respectively, the inlet and exhaust ports, and means for supplying fuel to the engine cylinder, said fuel supplying means being arranged to direct the fuel in a direction toward the air inlet port controlling piston and away from the exhaust port controlling piston.

2.`In an internal combustion engine, the combination of a cylinder, longitudinally spaced air inlet and exhaust outlet ports provided inA the cylinder, opposed pistons in the cylinder and arranged to control, respectively, the inlet and exhaust ports, and means for spraying lfuel into the engine cylinder, said fuelspraying means being arranged to direct the fuel in a direction toward the air inlet port and away from the exhaust outlet ort.

l 3. In an internal combustion engine, the combination of a cylinder, longitudinally spaced air inlet and exhaust outlet ports provided-in the cylinder, opposed pistons in the cylinder and arranged to control, respectively, the inlet and exhaust ports, means for periodically translating air longitudinally through the cylinder in a direction from the air inlet port toward the exhaust outlet port for successively scavenging and supercharging said cylinder, and means for periodically injecting fuel into the cylinder in a direction counter to the direction of oW of air therethrough.

4. In an internal combustion-engine, the combination of a cylinder, opposed pistons in the cylinder, a 4fuel conduit extending transversely across the bore of the cylinder intermediate of the pistons, said fuel conduit having a fuel inlet provided in each ofits terminal portions, means for periodically discharging fuel to each of said fuel inlets, and a spray nozzle disposed interiorly of the cylinder and communicating With the conduit, said spray nozzle being arranged to receive fuel from both inlets of the conduit and to discharge the same into the engine cylinder.

5. In an internal combustion engine, the combination of a cylinder, opposed pistons in the cylinder, a fuel conduit extending transversely across the bore of the cylinder and intermediate of the pistons, said fuel conduithaving a fuel inlet provided in each of its terminal portions, valve mechanisms responsive to fuel pressure associated with each terminal portion of the fuel conduit for admitting fuel thereto, a spray nozzle disposed interiorly of the cylinder and communicating with the fuel conduit, and meansV for periodically discharging fuel under pressure to the valve mechanisms for injection into the engine cylinder. l

In testimony whereof, I have hereunto subscribed my name this 27th day 'of June, 1929.

HERBERT T. HERR. 

